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Saturday, April 23, 2011

Landfill Gas, does this sound familiar

Making the shift from anaerobic digestion to other types of waste to energy technologies will be easier if we look into a process that is nearly the same.  This type of technology is known as landfill gas.  Landfill gas is produced in almost all landfills and many times the landfill gas that is produced is lost to the atmosphere.  Landfill gas is made up of 50% methane(CH4) and 50% carbon dioxide(CO2).  Sound familiar, this is the nearly the same composition of biogas.  Landfill gas (LFG) is also produced in the same way.  Microbes deep under the layers of trash in landfills eat away at the trash and transform the garbage into it most basic form, which happens to be both methane and carbon dioxide.  One major difference in this process is that while nothing special needs to be done for the LFG to be produced, such as buying a digester and then agitating and heating it (as in anaerobic digestion), but collecting the :LFG is more difficult.  In order for LFG to be captured the garbage is first covered with a layer of soil that both contains the garbage but also helps create an environment suitable for the naturally occurring microbes to begin their work.  Once the LFG is produced it slowly makes it way up through the layers of garbage until it is emitted to the atmosphere.  When the LFG is lost to the atmosphere, it is known as fugitive emissions.  Collecting the LFG to use in productive ways is accomplished by drilling wells into the garbage.  Lining these wells with PVC pipe gives the LFG a path to take to get to the surface.  Just like most things in this world, the LFG will take the path of least resistance and that is the PVC pipe.  An array of these wells are drilled and connected to a central LFG collection line.  This raw LFG also contains some other gases that are non desirable such as ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).  Therefore, the LFG is treated to remove these gases.  Once the LFG has been cleaned up, it can be used just as biogas or even natural gas would be used.  Here is a diagram that may help you visualize what a LFG system looks like.

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